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Governance & Reform

119 policy documents tracked in this sector, plus 511 related analysis, announcements and news items

630Total Policies
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Policy Type Breakdown

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Top Sources

LiveLaw121
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HT57

Constitutional foundations

Full policy history →

Where this sector's policy story begins — in the Constituent Assembly, 1946–1949.

13 December 1946Preamble

The Objectives Resolution

The Resolution's language survives almost verbatim in the Preamble, which courts still use to test legislation — from the basic structure doctrine (Kesavananda Bharati, 1973) to modern welfare and rights jurisprudence. Read the debate →

4 November 1948Draft Constitution (whole text)

Draft Constitution introduced

The choice of a parliamentary Union with strong central capacity still shapes how Indian policy is made — centrally sponsored schemes, Finance Commission transfers and the Centre-state bargaining visible in every sector today. Read the debate →

22 November 1948Article 40

Village panchayats as units of self-government

Article 40 is the constitutional seed of the 73rd Amendment (1992), which made three-tier Panchayati Raj mandatory, and of today's rural governance stack — Gram Sabhas, MGNREGA social audits and Finance Commission grants to panchayats. Read the debate →

23 November 1948Article 44

Uniform civil code

The same arguments recur in every UCC debate since — the Hindu Code Acts of the 1950s, the Special Marriage Act 1954, Shah Bano and triple talaq legislation, and Uttarakhand's 2024 state-level UCC. Read the debate →

30 November 1948Article 16Article 335

Equality of opportunity and reservation in public employment

This debate is the direct ancestor of India's reservation architecture — the Mandal Commission and OBC reservations (1990), creamy-layer jurisprudence from Indra Sawhney (1992), and the 103rd Amendment's EWS quota (2019). Read the debate →

25 May 1949Article 330Article 332Article 334

Political safeguards for minorities

The settlement survives today: SC/ST reservations in legislatures, repeatedly extended under Article 334, alongside minority rights protected through Articles 25-30, minority educational institutions and bodies like the National Commission for Minorities. Read the debate →

June 1949Article 324Article 326

Universal adult franchise and an independent Election Commission

This produced the Election Commission of India and the Representation of the People Acts (1950-51), the machinery behind the world's largest elections — and the ongoing policy debates over voter rolls, EVMs and simultaneous elections. Read the debate →

4 August 1949Article 355Article 356

Emergency powers over the states

President's Rule was invoked over a hundred times before S. R. Bommai (1994) made its use judicially reviewable — the exact abuse-versus-safeguard tension the Assembly debated, still live in every Centre-state confrontation. Read the debate →

5 September 1949Fifth ScheduleSixth ScheduleArticle 244

Scheduled Areas and tribal administration

The Fifth and Sixth Schedules underpin today's tribal policy — PESA (1996) extending panchayats to Scheduled Areas, the Forest Rights Act 2006, and the continuing autonomy demands of Sixth Schedule councils in the Northeast and Ladakh. Read the debate →

10 September 1949Article 31

Right to property and land reform

This unresolved bargain drove three decades of amendment-versus-court conflict — the First, Fourth and Twenty-fifth Amendments, Kesavananda Bharati — until the 44th Amendment (1978) demoted property to a legal right (Article 300A), with land acquisition still contested under the 2013 LARR Act. Read the debate →

14 September 1949Article 343Article 351Eighth Schedule

The language question and the Munshi-Ayyangar formula

The fifteen-year bridge became permanent through the Official Languages Act 1963 after anti-Hindi agitations; the compromise still frames the three-language formula, NEP 2020's mother-tongue instruction push, and the growth of the Eighth Schedule to 22 languages. Read the debate →

17 October 1949Article 370

Temporary provisions for Jammu and Kashmir

Article 370 governed the Union's relationship with J&K for seventy years until its effective abrogation on 5 August 2019 and the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act — upheld by the Supreme Court in December 2023 partly on the Assembly's own 'temporary' framing. Read the debate →

25 November 1949Constitution as adopted

Ambedkar's closing address: the grammar of anarchy

The speech is modern India's most-cited constitutional text — invoked by courts and policymakers on welfare, reservation and dissent alike, and the standard frame for judging whether policy has closed the social and economic gap Ambedkar named. Read the debate →

Policy documents 119

Acts, rules, notifications, schemes and budgets in force

▲ high21 Aug 2026RBIPolicy documentScheme

The 624th meeting of the Central Board of Directors of Reserve Bank of India was held today in Chennai under the Chairmanship of Shri Sanjay Malhotra, Governor. The Board in its meeting reviewed the current economic situation, global and domestic challenges including risks to the economic outlook. The Board also reviewed various areas of operations of the Reserve Bank including the functioning of its Committees and the Ombudsman Scheme. Deputy Governors Shri Swaminathan J., Dr. Poonam Gupta, Shr

◆ medium14 Aug 2026RBIPolicy documentNotification

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has, by an order dated August 14, 2026, imposed a monetary penalty of ₹6.20 lakh (Rupees Six Lakh Twenty Thousand only) on Northern Arc Capital Limited (the company) for non-compliance with certain provisions of the directions issued by RBI on ‘Disclosures in Financial Statements - Notes to Accounts’ and on ‘Internal Ombudsman for Regulated Entities’. This penalty has been imposed in exercise of powers conferred on RBI under section 5

● critical8 Aug 2024ArchivePolicy documentAct

Proposed amendments to the Waqf Act 1995 to improve governance and transparency of Waqf properties. Introduces digitisation of Waqf records, representation of women and non-Muslims on Waqf boards, and provisions for dispute resolution.

● critical24 Dec 2023ArchivePolicy documentAct

Comprehensive overhaul replacing the Indian Telegraph Act 1885 and Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act 1933. Introduces spectrum assignment by auction or administratively, biometric verification for SIMs, and regulatory sandbox provisions.

● critical15 Sept 2023ArchivePolicy documentAct

India's first standalone mediation law to promote and facilitate mediation for dispute resolution. Establishes Mediation Council of India, provides for community mediation, and gives statutory recognition to mediated settlement agreements.

▲ high1 Jul 2015ArchivePolicy documentScheme

Comprehensive initiative to transform India into a digitally empowered society with three pillars: digital infrastructure, digital governance, and digital literacy. Umbrella programme covering e-governance, broadband, and digital services.

Impact 8/10All citizens (140 crore)Operational
● critical1 Jan 2014ArchivePolicy documentAct

Established the Lokpal (federal anti-corruption ombudsman) and required states to appoint Lokayuktas within one year. Covers the Prime Minister, ministers, and MPs with jurisdiction over corruption complaints.

● critical1 Jan 2014HistoricalPolicy documentAct

Established the institution of Lokpal at the central level and Lokayuktas at the state level to inquire into allegations of corruption against public functionaries including the Prime Minister (with safeguards).

● critical29 Aug 2013ArchivePolicy documentAct

Comprehensive overhaul of corporate governance law replacing the Companies Act 1956. Introduced mandatory CSR spending (2% of net profit), class action suits, one-person companies, and enhanced auditor accountability.

● critical29 Aug 2013HistoricalPolicy documentAct

Comprehensive overhaul of corporate law replacing the Companies Act 1956. Introduced mandatory CSR spending (2% of net profits for qualifying companies), class action suits, one-person companies, and enhanced corporate governance norms.

● critical15 Jun 2005HistoricalPolicy documentAct

Landmark transparency legislation giving citizens the right to access information from public authorities. Established Information Commissions at central and state levels. Widely regarded as one of the most significant governance reforms in Indian democracy.

● critical10 Jun 2003HistoricalPolicy documentAct

Comprehensive legislation consolidating laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, and trading of electricity. Introduced open access, delicensed generation, created regulatory commissions, and laid groundwork for power sector reform.

Analysis & research 36

Reports, briefs and long reads

◆ mediumYesterdayVidhiAnalysisAnalysis

**Manav Pamnani Introduction Artificial intelligence (“AI”) today has gained immense prominence in almost every sphere of daily life. It is no longer a mere speculative technology operating at the margins of governance but has become an increasingly integrated routine instrument through which human beings are constantly evaluated, classified, and sorted into multiple categories. For example, […] The post AI and the Production of Subjects appeared first on Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy.

◆ medium5d agoVidhiAnalysisAnalysis

**Pranav Saraf Of late, the Indian higher education landscape has witnessed an interesting legal and sociological phenomena – the notification and subsequent judicial stay of the University Grants Commission (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026 (“Regulations”).  The Regulations were brought in as a corrective measure to address the systemic and institutional exclusion […] The post The Dialectics of Dignity and Privilege appeared first on Vidhi Centr

◆ medium1w agoNITIAnalysisReport

India Electric Mobility Index (IEMI) 2025 niti_admin Tue, 09/15/2026 - 14:07 Choose Report Type Publications Publication Date Tue, 09/15/2026 - 14:07 Report Upload Download (9.48 MB) vertical E-Mobility PDF Text INDIA ELECTRIC MOBILITY INDEX Tracking Electric Mobility Trends in Indian States Disclaimer: 1. This document is not a Statement of policy by the National Institution for Transforming India (hereinafter referred to as NITI Aayog). It has been prepared by WRI India in partnership with NIT

◆ medium1w agoVidhiAnalysisAnalysis

**Shreya Banchhor INTRODUCTION Less than a month ago, the Supreme Court declined a fresh probe into the Reliance-owned animal rescue and rehabilitation facility, Vantara, despite new information regarding alleged illegalities in animal imports being received from various international investigative sources, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) […] The post Justice in the Dark appeared first on Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy.

◆ medium1w agoTakshashilaAnalysisAnalysis

document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { // Get the table of contents and progress bar const toc = document.getElementById('TOC'); const progressBar = document.getElementById('toc-progress'); if (!toc || !progressBar) return; // Track scroll position and update the active section and progress bar updateTocOnScroll(); function updateTocOnScroll() { // Get all section headings with IDs const headings = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('h1[id], h2[id], h3[id], h4[id], h5[id],

◆ medium2w agoVidhiAnalysisAnalysis

**Saloni Maheshwari Opening Overview  The Supreme Court of India recently in Chandrabhan v. State of Maharashtra, overturned a Bombay High Court judgment that had affirmed the conviction and death sentence of an individual accused of raping and murdering a 23-year-old woman. The prosecution had relied on 14 pieces of circumstantial evidence, including CCTV footage, witness […] The post Form vs. Substance appeared first on Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy.

◆ medium2w agoTakshashilaAnalysisAnalysis

document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { // Get the table of contents and progress bar const toc = document.getElementById('TOC'); const progressBar = document.getElementById('toc-progress'); if (!toc || !progressBar) return; // Track scroll position and update the active section and progress bar updateTocOnScroll(); function updateTocOnScroll() { // Get all section headings with IDs const headings = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('h1[id], h2[id], h3[id], h4[id], h5[id],

◆ medium2w agoTakshashilaAnalysisAnalysis

document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { // Get the table of contents and progress bar const toc = document.getElementById('TOC'); const progressBar = document.getElementById('toc-progress'); if (!toc || !progressBar) return; // Track scroll position and update the active section and progress bar updateTocOnScroll(); function updateTocOnScroll() { // Get all section headings with IDs const headings = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('h1[id], h2[id], h3[id], h4[id], h5[id],

◆ medium2w agoTakshashilaAnalysisAnalysis

document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { // Get the table of contents and progress bar const toc = document.getElementById('TOC'); const progressBar = document.getElementById('toc-progress'); if (!toc || !progressBar) return; // Track scroll position and update the active section and progress bar updateTocOnScroll(); function updateTocOnScroll() { // Get all section headings with IDs const headings = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('h1[id], h2[id], h3[id], h4[id], h5[id],

◆ medium2w agoTakshashilaAnalysisAnalysis

document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { // Get the table of contents and progress bar const toc = document.getElementById('TOC'); const progressBar = document.getElementById('toc-progress'); if (!toc || !progressBar) return; // Track scroll position and update the active section and progress bar updateTocOnScroll(); function updateTocOnScroll() { // Get all section headings with IDs const headings = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('h1[id], h2[id], h3[id], h4[id], h5[id],

◆ medium2w agoTakshashilaAnalysisAnalysis

document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { // Get the table of contents and progress bar const toc = document.getElementById('TOC'); const progressBar = document.getElementById('toc-progress'); if (!toc || !progressBar) return; // Track scroll position and update the active section and progress bar updateTocOnScroll(); function updateTocOnScroll() { // Get all section headings with IDs const headings = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('h1[id], h2[id], h3[id], h4[id], h5[id],

◆ medium20 Aug 2026CPPRAnalysisReport

Unlocking Shared Mobility in Karnataka through policy reforms for shared IPT services and better first- and last-mile connectivity. The post Event Report — Consultation on Shared Mobility and Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) in Karnataka | CPPR appeared first on Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR).

◆ medium20 Aug 2026VidhiAnalysisAnalysis

**Sanjeevan Bhuyan Nine months separated a landmark Supreme Court ruling on the Election Commission’s independence from Parliament’s quiet, constitutionally compliant reversal of it. That speed was not political boldness. It was constitutional logic and understanding it is the first step toward fixing it. Nine months. That is all it took. In February 2023, a unanimous […] The post Captive Guardians appeared first on Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy.

◆ medium19 Aug 2026GatewayHAnalysisAnalysis

India’s transition from Digital Public Infrastructure to indigenous AI is not simply an effort to make more data available for AI development. It is to see how data associated with public digital systems can be brought into new technological uses without weakening the legal and institutional safeguards that govern its collection, access and use. That balance creates sustained innovation alongside privacy, participation and public accountability. The post DPI for AI and AI for DPI appeared first

◆ medium13 Aug 2026IDRAnalysisLong read

In 1983, I was in Golana village in Gujarat, where my colleagues and I were working with the local Dalit population. They had been alotted around 33 acres of land under the land reform legislation, but the dominant castes would not allow them to take possession of it. I was the secretary of the local cooperative and insisted that if the land was in their name, they should be able to go and occupy it.   Two emissaries were sent to the panchayat office, and the original owners of that la

Announcements 25

Official press releases

YesterdayNITIAnnouncementPress release

Recent List September 2026 niti_admin Mon, 09/21/2026 - 15:17 Upload Supported Document Recent-List-September-2026.pdf (641.63 KB) Choose Document Type Additions (Recent) Supported File Link September 2026

YesterdayNITIAnnouncementPress release

Book Alert September 2026 niti_admin Mon, 09/21/2026 - 15:17 Upload Supported Document Book-Alert-September-2026.pdf (526.74 KB) Choose Document Type Book Alert Supported File Link September 2026

YesterdayNITIAnnouncementPress release

TOC August 2026 niti_admin Mon, 09/21/2026 - 15:17 Upload Supported Document TOC-August-2026.pdf (367.46 KB) Choose Document Type Table of Content Supported File Link August 2026

◆ medium1w agoNITIAnnouncementPress release

Shri. Rajiv Gauba Calls for Deregulation as the Defining Feature of India's Next-Generation Reforms at Global Fintech Fest 2026 niti_admin Thu, 09/10/2026 - 21:04 Publishing Date Thu, 09/10/2026 - 12:00 Release Link https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseDetail.aspx?PRID=2308600&reg=48&lang=1

2w agoRBIAnnouncementPress release

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) hosted the Third Conference of Registrars of Cooperative Societies (RCSs) at its New Delhi office on September 1, 2026. Deputy Governors Shri Swaminathan J. and Shri Shirish Chandra Murmu, Shri Shiv Pal Singh, Central Registrar of Cooperative Societies (CRCS), Registrars of Cooperative Societies from various States, and senior officials of the RBI participated in the Conference. Deputy Governor Shri Swaminathan J emphasised stronger governance and institutional ca

19 Aug 2026NITIAnnouncementPress release

DOC August 2026 niti_admin Wed, 08/19/2026 - 16:01 Upload Supported Document DOCplan-August-2026.pdf (695.83 KB) Choose Document Type Docplan Supported File Link August 2026

19 Aug 2026NITIAnnouncementPress release

Recent List August 2026 niti_admin Wed, 08/19/2026 - 15:55 Upload Supported Document Recent-List-August-2026.pdf (620.7 KB) Choose Document Type Additions (Recent) Supported File Link August 2026

19 Aug 2026NITIAnnouncementPress release

Book Alert August 2026 niti_admin Wed, 08/19/2026 - 15:47 Upload Supported Document Book-Alert-August-2026.pdf (552.03 KB) Choose Document Type Book Alert Supported File Link August 2026

All 25 announcements →

News coverage 450

Journalism about this sector — not policy documents

TodayHTNewsNews

Chief Minister D K Shivakumar on Monday defended Karnataka’s decision to convene a three day special legislature session to discuss the Kasturirangan report and drought, while BJP state president B Y Vijayendra demanded that the sitting be extended to at least a week to allow a fuller debate on the issues

TodayHTNewsNews

The Supreme Court on Monday extended the relief granted to Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha Rahul Gandhi by continuing the stay order restraining the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) from proceeding further on allegations of disproportionate assets pending against him before a Uttar Pradesh court

All 450 news items →

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