Charts about the things we teach, built from public data.
Some we made ourselves from named datasets. Some are diagrams of the ideas we use at work. A few are famous old charts we rebuilt in code to see how they were made, and there's a shelf of newer work by other people worth your time.
Each chart is drawn in your browser from a named dataset, with the source printed underneath so you can check it.
India passed China to become the world's most populous country in 2023. Look further out and the order keeps shifting. By 2050 the UN projects Pakistan and Nigeria to sit just behind the United States, and by 2100 both pass it.
Source: UN World Population Prospects 2024, country population ranks, 1990–2050 (2050 projected).
Explore this chart →Richer countries tend to live longer, but the link bends. India and Bangladesh reach lives nearly as long as far richer places, while Nigeria and Ethiopia sit low on both. Each bubble is a country, sized by population and coloured by region.
Source: World Bank Open Data, 2022, GDP per capita (PPP), life expectancy and population, pulled from the World Bank API.
Explore this chart →India's rain doesn't spread across the year. It arrives in a burst. About three-quarters of it falls in the four monsoon months, June to September.
Source: India Meteorological Department, normal (long-period average) monthly rainfall, all-India. Figures approximate.
Explore this chart →Women have caught up with men in college enrolment, and slightly passed them; the literacy gap is narrowing. In paid work and in Parliament, they are still far behind.
Sources: NSS 75th round, 2017–18 (literacy, age 7+), AISHE 2021–22 (college GER), PLFS 2023–24 (labour force), Lok Sabha 2024 (seats: 74 of 543).
Explore this chart →A Scheduled Tribe household is about three times as likely to be poor as an "Other" household. National poverty has fallen since (24.8% to 15.0% by NFHS-5), but the gap between groups holds.
Source: by social group, Pradhan, Kandapan & Pradhan (2022), PLOS ONE 17(7), from NFHS-4 (2015–16). National headcount (NITI Aayog National MPI) fell from 24.85% to 14.96% by NFHS-5 (2019–21).
Explore this chart →The richest 1% of Indians own about 40% of the country's wealth, the highest concentration on record. The bottom half own roughly 6%. The same 1% also take 22.6% of all income. Inspired by PerThirtySix's American Wealth Inequality.
Source: World Inequality Lab, Bharti, Chancel, Piketty & Somanchi, Income and Wealth Inequality in India, 1922–2023 (2024). Shares for 2022–23.
Explore this chart →Each dot is a country. Most emit little, and India sits near the bottom. The average person in Qatar emits more than 20 times what the average Indian does.
Source: EDGAR (European Commission / JRC), territorial CO₂ emissions per capita, 2023.
Explore this chart →About three-quarters of India's electricity still comes from coal. Solar and wind are growing, together about 10%, but the shift is early.
Source: Ember / Central Electricity Authority, share of electricity generation, 2024 (Ember, Global Electricity Review 2025: clean sources 22%, wind and solar 10%). Split by source approximate.
Explore this chart →Across four national surveys, services improved a lot, and institutional births, immunisation and women's bank accounts all rose. The bottom row barely moves. By NFHS-5, anaemia among women is slightly worse.
Source: National Family Health Survey rounds 3 (2005–06), 4 (2015–16), 5 (2019–21) and 6 (2023–24, provisional; IIPS, NFHS-6 India Fact Sheet, May 2026). NFHS-6 did not report anaemia. Each cell is the share with the positive outcome.
Explore this chart →Six deprivations, 706 districts. Only 21 districts clear all six. The largest single group, 129 districts, carries five at once, and the one it leaves out is sanitation.
Source: NFHS-5 (2019–21) district fact sheets, IIPS/MoHFW. Stunting ≥30% and women’s anaemia ≥40% are the WHO ‘very high’ and ‘severe’ thresholds; the rest are stated on the chart.
Explore this chart →Between the two surveys, sanitation went backwards in 20 districts and clean fuel in 13. Women’s anaemia went backwards in 353, children’s in 401, and in 128 districts both worsened together.
Source: NFHS-4 (2015–16) and NFHS-5 (2019–21) district fact sheets, IIPS/MoHFW. 574 districts have comparable values on all eight indicators.
Explore this chart →The dot is the IPCC's best estimate; the bar is its "very likely" range. Only the lowest-emission paths stay near the 1.5°C and 2°C limits; the higher ones pass them comfortably.
Source: IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6, WG1, 2021), projected global surface warming by 2081–2100 vs 1850–1900, best estimate and very likely range, by scenario.
Explore this chart →Eight very different countries, one shared scale. Under-five deaths fell almost everywhere over thirty years, even in Rwanda after its 1994 spike.
Source: UN IGME / World Bank (SH.DYN.MORT), pulled from the World Bank API.
Explore this chart →Each line is a country's path from many children and short lives toward few children and long lives. This is the demographic transition, just at different times.
Source: World Bank, fertility rate and life expectancy, 1960–2022.
Explore this chart →People move in every direction between regions, not just South to North. The single biggest cross-region pull is into Northern America.
Source: UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2020, between-region flows (regional aggregates, approximate).
Explore this chart →Most of humanity is in Asia and the middle-income bands. High income is a thin slice, concentrated in a few regions.
Source: World Bank, population by region and income classification, 2023 (cross-tab approximate).
Explore this chart →Energy dominates and is almost all CO₂; agriculture is the big source of methane and nitrous oxide.
Source: India's Fourth Biennial Update Report (BUR4, 2020), excl. land use. Sector × gas split approximate.
Explore this chart →The fuller picture: sector → sub-sector → gas. Power and industry are the CO₂ engine; livestock and rice make most of the methane.
Source: India's Fourth Biennial Update Report (BUR4, 2020), excl. land use. Sub-sector split approximate.
Explore this chart →Nearly a quarter of every rupee the Union government spends is borrowed, and 20 paise of it goes straight back out as interest on past borrowing. The single largest spending head is the states' share of taxes, which is not a scheme.
Source: Union Budget 2025–26, "Budget at a Glance", the government's own paise-in-the-rupee breakdown. Each side sums to 100.
Explore this chart →Almost everyone has electricity, but far fewer have clean cooking fuel, the internet, or health cover.
Source: NFHS-6 (2023–24, provisional) for electricity and health cover; NFHS-5 (2019–21) for toilets and clean fuel; Global Findex 2025, 2024 data (bank accounts); ITU via World Bank, 2024 (internet use).
Explore this chart →Asia is still most populous, but Africa is the fastest-growing band, and the world's centre of gravity is moving.
Source: World Bank, population by region, 1960–2023.
Explore this chart →In 1990 India was young, with a wide base of children. By 2050 the bulge moves up, with far fewer kids and many more older adults.
Source: UN World Population Prospects 2024, by 5-year age band and sex.
Explore this chart →Female literacy is highest in the south and north-east, lowest across the northern belt: Kerala 92%, Rajasthan and Bihar barely half.
Source: Census of India 2011, female literacy by state.
Explore this chart →Bihar has the highest poverty rate; Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of poor people, about 5.4 crore, which is more than the population of South Korea. Rates and counts point at different states.
Source: NITI Aayog National MPI (2023 report, based on NFHS-5 2019–21), state headcount ratios applied to projected 2021 populations. Approximate.
Explore this chart →Lok Sabha seats are frozen at the 1971 census, so the states that grew fastest are now the least represented. A Rajasthan MP speaks for 27.4 lakh people; a Kerala MP for 16.7 lakh.
Source: Census of India 2011 (state populations) and the current Lok Sabha seat allocation, frozen by the 42nd Amendment and extended by the 84th.
Explore this chart →Across the 31 states and union territories revised so far, 14.1 of every 100 names on the roll were left off the draft. In Delhi it was nearly one in three.
Source: Chief Electoral Officers’ draft-roll figures for the Special Intensive Revision, 2025–26, as of 10 October 2026. Maharashtra’s figures are rounded. Full analysis at offtheroll.in.
Explore this chart →Of 13.4 crore names left off, 71.5% were entered as shifted, absent or other, 20.9% as dead and 7.6% as duplicates. A reason is what the officer wrote down, and nobody checked it.
Source: Chief Electoral Officers’ draft-roll figures, as of 10 October 2026. Full analysis at offtheroll.in.
Explore this chart →In six of the nine states that publish a split by sex, women were a larger share of the names removed than of the roll. In Bihar women were 55.5% of those removed and 47.9% of the roll.
Source: Chief Electoral Officers’ figures by sex. Tamil Nadu (unverified) and Kerala (a proxy) are left out. Full analysis at offtheroll.in.
Explore this chart →In 211 of 234 Tamil Nadu seats and 174 of 243 in Bihar, more names came off the roll than the winning margin. The removals were large enough to decide those seats. The figures cannot show whether they did.
Source: Election Commission results and Chief Electoral Officers’ figures. West Bengal and Kerala (grey) count the fall in the roll, a different measure. Full analysis at offtheroll.in.
Explore this chart →In 1984–85 the roll held 109.5 electors for every 100 people of voting age. In 2024 it held 96.3. The population counts residents who are not citizens, so the shortfall cannot be read as a count of missing voters.
Source: Election Commission of India, Atlas 2024, and UN World Population Prospects 2024. Full analysis at offtheroll.in.
Explore this chart →Give every crore of Indians one hexagon and the country's real weight appears: 121 hexagons, of which Uttar Pradesh alone claims 20. The North, Central and East zones hold 74 of them, about three in five.
Source: Census of India 2011, population by state, one hexagon per crore (10 million), rounded to the nearest crore.
Explore this chart →Over one generation, the share of people living in extreme poverty fell from about 38% to under 9%, from roughly 1.9 billion people to about 660 million.
Source: World Bank Poverty & Inequality Platform, via Our World in Data. Poverty line $2.15/day (2017 PPP); the World Bank's headline line has been $3.00/day (2021 PPP) since June 2025.
Explore this chart →Under-five deaths in India fell from 127 to about 30 per 1,000 live births. A child born today is about a quarter as likely to die before age five as one born in 1990.
Source: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation / World Bank Open Data (SH.DYN.MORT), 2024.
Explore this chart →After years of decline, women's recorded workforce participation has risen sharply. Much of the rise is unpaid family work and self-employment, not salaried jobs.
Source: Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), MoSPI. Female LFPR, usual status, age 15+.
Explore this chart →The gender gap in school enrolment is mostly closed; girls' primary enrolment even tops 100%. But enrolment drops at every stage, and only about 1 in 4 young women reaches higher education.
Source: UDISE+ 2021–22 (school) and AISHE 2021–22 (higher education). Female gross enrolment ratio (GER) by level.
Explore this chart →2024 was India's warmest year since 1901. Ten of the fifteen warmest years have come since 2010. How big the number looks depends on the baseline you pick.
Source: India Meteorological Department high-resolution gridded data (1901–2024), via Data for India. The warming band is schematic of the documented trend, not per-year values.
Explore this chart →A child born in India in 1960 could expect to live to about 46. By 2019 that had climbed to nearly 71, a full human generation added in six decades.
Source: World Bank Open Data, life expectancy at birth, India (SP.DYN.LE00.IN), 1960–2019.
Explore this chart →India's installed solar capacity has grown more than thirty-fold in a decade, from under 3 GW in March 2014 to about 82 GW in March 2024.
Source: Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE), installed grid-connected solar capacity at the end of March, 2014–2024.
Explore this chart →In 1960 fewer than one in five Indians lived in a town or city. By 2023 it was more than one in three, and the crossover to a majority-urban India is now in sight.
Source: World Bank, urban population as a share of total, India (SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS), 1960–2023.
Explore this chart →Services now make up over half of everything India produces. Yet agriculture, at under a fifth of output, still employs the largest share of workers. That gap is at the heart of the jobs debate.
Source: MoSPI / National Accounts, gross value added by broad sector, 2023–24 (approximate shares).
Explore this chart →The national average hides a wide spread. Kerala is near universal literacy at 96%, while Bihar and Rajasthan sit around 70%. They are in the same country and a generation apart in schooling.
Source: NSO, Household Social Consumption: Education in India, NSS 75th round (2017–18), literacy rate for persons aged 7 and above.
Explore this chart →Women hold about 14% of seats in India's Lok Sabha, which is below the world average of 27% and a fraction of the share in Rwanda (61%). The Women's Reservation Act, once in force, would lift it toward a third.
Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), women in the lower/single house, 2024 (%).
Explore this chart →Same numbers, two y-axes. Start a bar chart anywhere but zero and you can invent a trend or hide one. Every chart here starts at zero.
Principle: Tufte's "lie factor". A graphic should not say more, or less, than the data.
Numbers tell you what happened. These are some of the models we use to ask why, and what to do next.
Not all "participation" is equal. Sherry Arnstein's 1969 ladder climbs from token consultation to citizen power. It is a staple of our governance and MEL teaching.
Every theory of change runs from inputs to impact. The hardest gap to cross, and to prove, is the one between what a programme produces and the change in people's lives.
A reinforcing loop: low income starves savings and investment, which holds down productivity, which holds down income. Breaking any one link is the work of development.
Disadvantage compounds. Gender, caste and class are not separate problems to add up. They intersect, and the overlap is where the deepest exclusion sits.
The events we react to sit above the waterline; the patterns, structures and mental models that produce them sit below. Lasting change works underwater.
Every chart here was made with a browser and a public dataset. Pick a dataset, pick a frame, and try it yourself.
A chart is only as good as its source. Here is the dataset behind each one.
Inspired by VizChitra, India's data-visualization community.
